Kontrol Distorsi
Ketika logam dipanaskan, maka logam tersebut akan mengembang dan saat didinginkan akan berkontraksi. Manik/rigi las yang dibuat di atas logam induk menyebabkan panas, sehingga akan menghasilkan kontraksi atau penyusutan pada logam induk tersebut. Ini adalah ekspansi yang tidak merata dan kontraksi antara dua logam yang menyebabkan distorsi saat pengelasan.
Efek distorsi tidak dapat sepenuhnya dihilangkan tetapi dapat dikontrol. Ada tiga jenis distorsi secara umum, yaitu :
- longitudinal shrinkage (Penyusutan Memanjang)
- transverse shrinkage (Penyusutan Melintang)
- angular shrinkage (Penyusutan Sudut)
Longitudinal Shrinkage
Saat lasan berkontraksi ke arah panjangnya (penyusutan longitudinal) ia akan tertarik menjadi bentuk yang terdistorsi. Pengelasan dalam keadaan tegangan tinggi dalam arah memanjang.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfAjU0UNIxG1AqEczEc95H8dHdk2K1Lf9dgJUjGRA9RxRuQffC7lZTYHJptCZ6MfQog39Hw_QRfFR-xSioseIpvQujqFHqL0fasjssbF75XXf4jRb9Jw8suPpFMlBqJtW1_QDd_hyCzrA/w403-h360/Distorsi+Longitudinal.png) |
Distorsi Memanjang
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Transverse shrinkage
Jika pengelasan sambungan tumpul dibuat di antara dua pelat yang bebas bergerak, pelat tersebut akan bebas bergerak ditarik ke arah las. Dalam kasus ekstrim mereka mungkin tumpang tindih.
![](data:image/png;base64,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) 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Distorsi Melintang
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Angular shrinkage
Ini adalah hasil dari rotasi bagian yang dilas, di sekitar sumbu pengelasan terjadi kontraksi melintang.
![](data:image/png;base64,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) 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Distorsi Menyudut |
Kontrol distorsi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga area :
- sebelum pengelasan (Before Welding)
- selama pengelasan (During Welding)
- setelah pengelasan (After Welding)
Sebelum Pengelasan
Kontrol distorsi sebelum pengelasan dapat dilakukan dengan :
- desain yang bagus (Good design)
- pengelasan cantum (Tack Welding)
- jig, klem dan perlengkapan (JIG, Clamp & Fixtures)
- pemanasan awal yang seragam (Pre Heating)
- pengaturan awal (Pre Setting)
Design yang bagus
Sambungan yang dirancang dengan baik menggunakan panjang las minimum dan persiapan sambungan yang sesuai akan mencegah pengelasan berlebih, yang menghasilkan distorsi yang minimal. Desain yang bagus akan mencakup:
- mengurangi ukuran pengelasan seminimal mungkin
- mengurangi jumlah run/layer untuk mencapai ukuran pengelasan
- mengurangi gap seminimal mungkin.
![](data:image/png;base64,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) |
Pengelasan kampuh V Ganda dapat membantu mengontol distorsi
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Persiapan Kampuh 'V' ganda lebih disukai karena bisa dilas dari kedua sisi.
![](data:image/png;base64,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) 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Mengurangi sudut bevel dengan melebarkan root gap |
Tack Welding
Tack welding adalah pengelasan tambahan kecil yang berfungsi seperti klem. Jumlah dan ukuran las paku yang dibutuhkan tergantung pada jenis dan ketebalan bahan. Misalnya, baja tahan karat membutuhkan lebih banyak pengelasan paku daripada baja ringan dan bahan yang lebih tebal membutuhkan lebih sedikit tack weld daripada bahan yang lebih tipis.
![](data:image/png;base64,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) 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Urutan Tack Welding
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JIG, Clamp & Fixtures
Jig, klem dan perlengkapannya digunakan untuk menahan bagian yang di las pada tempatnya selama proses pengelasan.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9flU7kp37Manc8VF4MZAueVNM8Mpq2dF5sRPoXGdmtYmRV_DMElUnUC_NMNSRuHGAnNvMApPSv8qSRDN-727dep1TTsoWJK0OC0aXVva8IUxQ3LkEYkGRnW3CngwWlQxNjuxmAflDzhE/w390-h275/JIG+FIXTURES.png) |
Bagian yang tertahan oleh klem |
Pre Heating
Pemanasan awal yang sesuai pada bagian yang akan di las dapat membantu mengurangi distorsi. Bisa jadi pemanasan awal dilakukan dengan menggunakan peralatan oksiasetilen. Jika bagian yang akan di las bisa dipanaskan terlebih dahulu dan diperluas secara merata, di las dan kemudian didinginkan secara merata, efek distorsi akan bisa diminimalkan. Teknik ini sering digunakan saat mengelas agar meminimalkan tekanan yang diterapkan pada material di sekitarnya.
Pre Setting
Teknik ini memprediksi seberapa besar distorsi yang akan terjadi dan misaligning material sebelum pengelasan dilakukan, sehingga dapat meminimalisasi distorsi saat pengelasan selesai dilakukan.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFOsWDzzbaxoqn6Dx5GYTcXBAhTQAm_vhzx352TjqNS0AaiA1KJGMHFBtFQ8Sfe0amEcfeKN5YbbLlwjK9mOTFUJn-b0n3pQD6rT2YikdczoYMlSPxT6o95Ciuz-0p9_qvdvh6TXhLKMk/s0/Presetting.png) |
Pre Setting Pada Sambungan Tumpul & T |
Selama Pengelasan
Kontrol distorsi selama pengelasan dapat dilakukan dengan :
- pengelasan langkah belakang (Back Step Welding)
- pengelasan intermitten chain (Intermitten Chain Welding)
- pengelasan intermitten staggered (Intermitten Staggered Welding)
- pengelasan urutan seimbang (Balannce Sequence Welding)
Setelah Pengelasan
Koreksi distorsi setelah pengelasan seringkali sulit dan terkadang tidak mungkin. Untuk alasan ini yang terbaik adalah mengontrol distorsi sebelum dan selama pengelasan. Koreksi distorsi setelah pengelasan dapat dilakukan dengan:
- memalu atau mengupas lasan (Hammering or Peening)
- menekan (pressing)
- memanaskan (Heating)
Memalu
Peening digunakan untuk meregangkan las dan logam induk di dekatnya dengan cara memukul logam panas dengan pukulan palu.
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) 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Memalu
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Menekan
Ini adalah bentuk yang lebih halus dari pelurusan material yang terdistorsi. Proses penekanan bisa lebih terkontrol tetapi seringkali membutuhkan waktu untuk menyiapkan. Menekan dapat dilakukan dengan mesin seperti 'hydrabends', frame press 'H', 'porta powers' atau dongkrak tabung hidrolik.
Memanaskan
Kontraksi pengelasan membengkokkan material ke arah lasan. Dengan memanaskan sisi berlawanan material dari lasan dan kemudian mendinginkannya, material akan memendek sedikit dan akan cenderung meluruskan.
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) 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Tempat Pemanasan |
Sumber Referensi
- "Perform Gas Metal Arc Welding Workbook", Penerbit : Department of Training and Workforce Development, Developed by the Curriculum Support Services Network, Tahun 2016.